科学网Biology of spiders : metabolism 02 毒腺和毒性

Venom Glands and Toxicity

Spiders belong to the actively poisonous animals (i.e., they use their venom offen- sively to paralyze or to kill their prey). The quick immobilization is certainly the primary function of the venom—the lethal effect is only secondary (Friedel, 1987; Friedel and Nentwig, 1989).

蜘蛛属于剧毒动物(即它们经常用毒液麻痹或杀死猎物)。快速固定猎物（麻痹猎物）当然是毒液的主要功能--致死作用只是次要的(Friedel，1987；Friedel和Nentwig，1989)。

All spiders except for the uloborids, and the small holarchaeids possess a pair  of venom glands, usually located in the prosoma (figs. 3.3, 3.4). The claim that the ancient Mesothelae lack venom glands (Haupt, 2003), has recently been refuted (Foelix and Erb, 2010). Each venom gland consists of a long, cylindrical part and an adjoining duct, which terminates at the tip of the cheliceral fang (fig. 2.6). A conspicuous muscle layer surrounds the body of the gland and expels the venom rapidly as the muscle contracts (fig.3.4b,c). The muscle fibers are cross-striated and have their own motor nerves, which facilitates the rapid triggering of venom release. The glandular epithelium itself is also innervated (Järlfors et al., 1971); possibly this nervous supply stimulates or regulates the synthesis of venom.

除 uloborids和小的 holarchaeids 外，所有蜘蛛都有一对毒腺，通常位于头胸部(figs. 3.3, 3.4)。关于古代中纺亚目没有毒腺的说法(Haupt，2003)，最近被驳斥(Foelix and Erb，2010)。每个毒腺由一个长长的圆柱形部分和一个相邻的导管组成，该导管终止于螯牙的尖端(fig.2.6)。腺体周围有一层明显的肌肉层，当肌肉收缩时会迅速排出毒液(fig.3.4b，c)。肌肉纤维是横纹的，有自己的运动神经，这有助于快速触发毒液释放。腺上皮本身也受到神经支配(Järlfors等人，1971)；这种神经供应可能刺激或调节毒液的合成。

Figure 3.3

(a) Position of a venom gland within the basal segment of a chelicera in a tarantula, lateral view. (After Gerhardt and Kaestner, 1938.) (b) Position of the venom glands in Cupiennius, lateral view. (After Malli et al., 1993). (c) Position of the venom glands (VG) in Dolomedes, dorsal view of the prosoma. Ch = chelicera. (After Kaston, 1972).

(A)毒腺在捕鸟蛛侧面视图中的位置。(After Gerhardt and Kaestner, 1938.)。(B)Cupiennius的毒腺位置，侧视。(After Malli et al., 1993)。(C)毒腺(VG)在Dolomedes内的位置，头胸甲的背侧视图。CH=螯肢Chelicera)。(After Kaston, 1972)。

Figure 3.4